Инструкция по установке и настройке python 3

More resources

• Online Documentation
• PEP 596, 3.9 Release Schedule
• Report bugs at https://bugs.python.org.
• Help fund Python and its community.

OpenPGP Public Keys

Source and binary executables are signed by the release manager using their
OpenPGP key. The release managers and binary builders since Python 2.3 have
been:

• Anthony Baxter (key id: 6A45C816)
• Georg Brandl (key id: )
• Martin v. Löwis (key id: 7D9DC8D2)
• Benjamin Peterson (key id: 18ADD4FF and A4135B38)
• Barry Warsaw (key ids: A74B06BF, EA5BBD71, and ED9D77D5)
• Ronald Oussoren (key id: E6DF025C)
• Ned Deily (key id: 6F5E1540)
• Larry Hastings (key id: F73C700D)

Note: Barry’s key id A74B06BF is used to sign the Python 2.6.8 and 2.6.9
releases. His key id EA5BBD71 was used to sign all other Python 2.6 and 3.0
releases. His key id ED9D77D5 is a v3 key and was used to sign older
releases.

You can import the release manager public keys by either downloading
the public key file from here and then
running

% gpg --import pubkeys.txt

or by grabbing the individual keys directly from the keyserver network
by running this command:

% gpg --recv-keys 6A45C816 36580288 7D9DC8D2 18ADD4FF A4135B38 A74B06BF EA5BBD71 ED9D77D5 E6DF025C 6F5E1540 F73C700D

On the version-specific download pages, you should see a link to both the
downloadable file and a detached signature file. To verify the authenticity
of the download, grab both files and then run this command:

% gpg --verify Python-3.4.0.tgz.asc

Note that you must use the name of the signature file, and you should use the
one that’s appropriate to the download you’re verifying.

Major new features of the 3.9 series, compared to 3.8

Some of the new major new features and changes in Python 3.9 are:

• PEP 573, Module State Access from C Extension Methods
• PEP 584, Union Operators in
• PEP 585, Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections
• PEP 593, Flexible function and variable annotations
• PEP 602, Python adopts a stable annual release cadence
• PEP 614, Relaxing Grammar Restrictions On Decorators
• PEP 615, Support for the IANA Time Zone Database in the Standard Library
• PEP 616, String methods to remove prefixes and suffixes
• PEP 617, New PEG parser for CPython
• BPO 38379, garbage collection does not block on resurrected objects;
• BPO 38692, os.pidfd_open added that allows process management without races and signals;
• BPO 39926, Unicode support updated to version 13.0.0;
• BPO 1635741, when Python is initialized multiple times in the same process, it does not leak memory anymore;
• A number of Python builtins (range, tuple, set, frozenset, list, dict) are now sped up using PEP 590 vectorcall;
• A number of Python modules (_abc, audioop, _bz2, _codecs, _contextvars, _crypt, _functools, _json, _locale, operator, resource, time, _weakref) now use multiphase initialization as defined by PEP 489;
• A number of standard library modules (audioop, ast, grp, _hashlib, pwd, _posixsubprocess, random, select, struct, termios, zlib) are now using the stable ABI defined by PEP 384.

You can find a more comprehensive list in this release’s «What’s New» document.

And Now for Something Completely Different

trong>Interviewer (John Cleese): You know I really enjoy interviewing applicants for this management training course. (knock at door) Come in. (Stig enters) Ah. Come and sit down.
Stig (Graham Chapman): Thank you. (he sits)
Interviewer: (stares at him and starts writing) Would you mind just standing up again for one moment. (Stig stands up) Take a seat.
Stig: I’m sorry?
Interviewer: Take a seat. (Stig does so) Ah! (writes again) Good morning.
Stig: Good morning.
Interviewer: (writes) Tell me why did you say ‘good morning’ when you know perfectly well that it’s afternoon?
Stig: Well, well, you said ‘good morning’. Ha, ha.
Interviewer: (shakes head) Good afternoon.
Stig: Ah, good afternoon.
Interviewer: Oh dear. (writes again) Good evening.
Stig: …Goodbye?
Interviewer: Ha, ha. No. (rings small hand-bell) … Aren’t you going to ask me why I rang the bell? (rings bell again)
Stig: Er why did you ring the bell?
Interviewer: Why do you think I rang the bell? (shouts) Five, four, three, two, one, ZERO!
Stig: Well, I, I…
Interviewer: Too late! (singing) Goodniiight, ding-ding-ding-ding-ding.

This is the tenth and final regular maintenance release of Python 3.8

Note: The release you’re looking at is Python 3.8.10, a bugfix release for the legacy 3.8 series. Python 3.9 is now the latest feature release series of Python 3. Get the latest release of 3.9.x here.

According to the release calendar specified in PEP 569, Python 3.8.10 is the final regular maintenance release. Starting now, the 3.8 branch will only accept security fixes and releases of those will be made in source-only form until October 2024.

Compared to the 3.7 series, this last regular bugfix release is relatively dormant at 92 commits since 3.8.9. Version 3.7.8, the final regular bugfix release of Python 3.7, included 187 commits. But there’s a bunch of important updates here regardless, the biggest being Big Sur and Apple Silicon build support. This work would not have been possible without the effort of Ronald Oussoren, Ned Deily, Maxime Bélanger, and Lawrence D’Anna from Apple. Thank you!

Take a look at the change log for details.

Other Useful Items

• Looking for 3rd party Python modules? The
  Package Index has many of them.
• You can view the standard documentation
  online, or you can download it
  in HTML, PostScript, PDF and other formats. See the main
  Documentation page.
• Information on tools for unpacking archive files
  provided on python.org is available.
• Tip: even if you download a ready-made binary for your
  platform, it makes sense to also download the source.
  This lets you browse the standard library (the subdirectory Lib)
  and the standard collections of demos (Demo) and tools
  (Tools) that come with it. There’s a lot you can learn from the
  source!
• There is also a collection of Emacs packages
  that the Emacsing Pythoneer might find useful. This includes major
  modes for editing Python, C, C++, Java, etc., Python debugger
  interfaces and more. Most packages are compatible with Emacs and
  XEmacs.

Want to contribute? See the Python Developer’s Guide
to learn about how Python development is managed.

Python is OSI Certified Open Source:

Major new features of the 3.9 series, compared to 3.8

Some of the new major new features and changes in Python 3.9 are:

• PEP 573, Module State Access from C Extension Methods
• PEP 584, Union Operators in
• PEP 585, Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections
• PEP 593, Flexible function and variable annotations
• PEP 602, Python adopts a stable annual release cadence
• PEP 614, Relaxing Grammar Restrictions On Decorators
• PEP 615, Support for the IANA Time Zone Database in the Standard Library
• PEP 616, String methods to remove prefixes and suffixes
• PEP 617, New PEG parser for CPython
• BPO 38379, garbage collection does not block on resurrected objects;
• BPO 38692, os.pidfd_open added that allows process management without races and signals;
• BPO 39926, Unicode support updated to version 13.0.0;
• BPO 1635741, when Python is initialized multiple times in the same process, it does not leak memory anymore;
• A number of Python builtins (range, tuple, set, frozenset, list, dict) are now sped up using PEP 590 vectorcall;
• A number of Python modules (_abc, audioop, _bz2, _codecs, _contextvars, _crypt, _functools, _json, _locale, operator, resource, time, _weakref) now use multiphase initialization as defined by PEP 489;
• A number of standard library modules (audioop, ast, grp, _hashlib, pwd, _posixsubprocess, random, select, struct, termios, zlib) are now using the stable ABI defined by PEP 384.

You can find a more comprehensive list in this release’s «What’s New» document.

Major new features of the 3.8 series, compared to 3.7

• PEP 572, Assignment expressions
• PEP 570, Positional-only arguments
• PEP 587, Python Initialization Configuration (improved embedding)
• PEP 590, Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython
• PEP 578, Runtime audit hooks
• PEP 574, Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data
• Typing-related: PEP 591 (Final qualifier), PEP 586 (Literal types), and PEP 589 (TypedDict)
• Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode
• Debug builds share ABI as release builds
• f-strings support a handy specifier for debugging
• is now legal in blocks
• on Windows, the default event loop is now
• on macOS, the spawn start method is now used by default in
• can now use shared memory segments to avoid pickling costs between processes
• is merged back to CPython
• is now 40% faster
• now uses Protocol 4 by default, improving performance

There are many other interesting changes, please consult the «What’s New» page in the documentation for a full list.

And now for something completely different

trong>Michael Palin: Hello, good evening and welcome to another edition of Blood, Devastation, Death War and Horror, and later on we’ll be meeting a man who does gardening. But first on the show we’ve got a man who speaks entirely in anagrams.
Palin: I believe you’re working on an anagram version of Shakespeare?
Eric Idle: Sey, sey — taht si crreoct, er — ta the mnemot I’m wroking on ‘The Mating of the Wersh’.
Palin: Have you done ‘Hamlet’?
Idle: ‘Thamle’. ‘Be ot or bot ne ot, tath is the nestquoi.’
Palin: And what is your next project?
Idle: ‘Ring Kichard the Thrid’.
Palin: I’m sorry?
Idle: ‘A shroe! A shroe! My dingkom for a shroe!’
Palin: Ah, Ring Kichard, yes… but surely that’s not an anagram, that’s a spoonerism.
Idle: (offended) If you’re going to split hairs, I’m going to piss off.

And Now for Something Completely Different

trong>Mr. Praline (John Cleese): I wish to complain, British-Railways Person.
Attendant (Terry Jones): I DON’T HAVE TO DO THIS JOB, YOU KNOW!!!
Mr. Praline: I beg your pardon…?
Attendant: I’m a qualified brain surgeon! I only do this job because I like being my own boss!
Mr. Praline: Excuse me, this is irrelevant, isn’t it?
Attendant: Yeah, well it’s not easy to pad these python files out to 150 lines, you know.
Mr. Praline: Well, I wish to complain. I got on the Bolton train and found myself deposited here in Ipswitch.
Attendant: No, this is Bolton.
Mr. Praline: (to the camera) The pet shop man’s brother was LYING!
Attendant: Can’t blame British Rail for that.

macOS users

• For Python 3.8, we provide one installer: 64-bit-only that works on macOS 10.9 (Mavericks) and later systems.
• Please read the «Important Information» displayed during installation for information about SSL/TLS certificate validation and the running the «Install Certificates.command».

Major new features of the 3.8 series, compared to 3.7

• PEP 572, Assignment expressions
• PEP 570, Positional-only arguments
• PEP 587, Python Initialization Configuration (improved embedding)
• PEP 590, Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython
• PEP 578, Runtime audit hooks
• PEP 574, Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data
• Typing-related: PEP 591 (Final qualifier), PEP 586 (Literal types), and PEP 589 (TypedDict)
• Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode
• Debug builds share ABI as release builds
• f-strings support a handy specifier for debugging
• is now legal in blocks
• on Windows, the default event loop is now
• on macOS, the spawn start method is now used by default in
• can now use shared memory segments to avoid pickling costs between processes
• is merged back to CPython
• is now 40% faster
• now uses Protocol 4 by default, improving performance

There are many other interesting changes, please consult the «What’s New» page in the documentation for a full list.

Циклы for, while в Питоне

Выше упоминалось, что ряд объектов Питона является итерируемым. Это значит, что элементы этой сущности можно перебирать. Для этого в том числе нужны циклы (особенно for).

Конструкция цикла for представлена следующим образом:

Либо:

Другими словами, мы можем проходиться по каждому элементу последовательности либо напрямую, либо при помощи функции range и индексов.

Для понимания рассмотрим примеры.

Результат работы скрипта:

При помощи цикла for мы вывели на печать все имеющиеся в списке планеты. Такого же результата можно добиться через индексы (на основании длины списка). Функция range генерирует целые числа в заданном диапазоне. Так как всего у нас 5 планет, то в нее можно передать параметр 5. С другой стороны, для этого также подойдет длина списка.

Результат работы скрипта (нижеследующее выведется 2 раза):

Цикл while требует условие выхода, так как в противном случае может выполняться бесконечно. Хоть может и показаться, что эта бесконечность не нужна, в ряде случаев без нее никак: например, показывать окно программы до тех пор, пока пользователь ее не закрыл.

Реализуем следующую задумку: выведем все числа от 50 до 100 включительно, которые делятся на 7, но не делятся на 2.

Результат работы скрипта:

Всего таких числа 3

Важно не забыть на каждой итерации увеличивать исходное число, иначе оно никогда не станет равным 100

Major new features of the 3.8 series, compared to 3.7

• PEP 572, Assignment expressions
• PEP 570, Positional-only arguments
• PEP 587, Python Initialization Configuration (improved embedding)
• PEP 590, Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython
• PEP 578, Runtime audit hooks
• PEP 574, Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data
• Typing-related: PEP 591 (Final qualifier), PEP 586 (Literal types), and PEP 589 (TypedDict)
• Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode
• Debug builds share ABI as release builds
• f-strings support a handy specifier for debugging
• is now legal in blocks
• on Windows, the default event loop is now
• on macOS, the spawn start method is now used by default in
• can now use shared memory segments to avoid pickling costs between processes
• is merged back to CPython
• is now 40% faster
• now uses Protocol 4 by default, improving performance

There are many other interesting changes, please consult the «What’s New» page in the documentation for a full list.

And now for something completely different

trong>Mr Anemone (Graham Chapman): Mr Chigger. So, you want to learn to fly?
Mr Chigger (Terry Jones): Yes.
Mr Anemone: Right, well, up on the table, arms out, fingers together, knees bent…
Mr Chigger: No, no, no.
Mr Anemone: (very loudly) UP ON THE TABLE! (Mr Chigger gets on the table) Arms out, fingers together, knees bent, now, head well forward. Now, flap your arms. Go on, flap, faster… faster… faster… faster, faster, faster, faster — now JUMP! (Mr Chigger jumps and lands on the floor) Rotten. You’re no bloody use at all. You’re an utter bloody wash-out. You make me sick, you weed!
Mr Chigger: Now look here…
Mr Anemone: All right, all right. I’ll give you one more chance, get on the table…
Mr Chigger: Look, I came here to learn how to fly an aeroplane.
Mr Anemone: A what?
Mr Chigger: I came here to learn how to fly an aeroplane.
Mr Anemone: (sarcastically) Oh, ‘an aeroplane’. Oh, I say, we are grand, aren’t we? (imitation posh accent) ‘Oh, oh, no more buttered scones for me, mater. I’m off to play the grand piano’. ‘Pardon me while I fly my aeroplane.’ NOW GET ON THE TABLE!

Установка Python 3.6 на Ubuntu

В зависимости от версии Ubuntu, с которым вы работаете, варьируются и инструкции по установке Python. Вы можете определить вашу локальную версию Ubuntu, выполнив следующую команду:

Shell

$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS
Release: 16.04
Codename: xenial

Следуйте следующим инструкциям в зависимости от номера версии, который виден под надписью Release в выдаче консоли:

Ubuntu 17.10, Ubuntu 18.04 предоставляет Python 3.6 по умолчанию. Вы можете вызвать его по команде python3.

Ubuntu 16.10 и Ubuntu 17.04 не предоставляют Python 3.6 по умолчанию, однако он доступен в репозитории Universe. Вы можете установить его, выполнив следующие команды:

Shell

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3.6

Вы можете вызвать его по команде python3.6.

Если вы используете Ubuntu 14.04 или Ubuntu 16.04, Python 3.6 не будет находиться в репозитории Universe, так что вам нужно получить его из архива Personal Package Archive (PPA). Например, для установки Python из PPA, выполните следующую команду:

Shell

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3.6

Как и ранее, его можно вызвать при помощи команды python3.6.

Major new features of the 3.9 series, compared to 3.8

Some of the new major new features and changes in Python 3.9 are:

• PEP 573, Module State Access from C Extension Methods
• PEP 584, Union Operators in
• PEP 585, Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections
• PEP 593, Flexible function and variable annotations
• PEP 602, Python adopts a stable annual release cadence
• PEP 614, Relaxing Grammar Restrictions On Decorators
• PEP 615, Support for the IANA Time Zone Database in the Standard Library
• PEP 616, String methods to remove prefixes and suffixes
• PEP 617, New PEG parser for CPython
• BPO 38379, garbage collection does not block on resurrected objects;
• BPO 38692, os.pidfd_open added that allows process management without races and signals;
• BPO 39926, Unicode support updated to version 13.0.0;
• BPO 1635741, when Python is initialized multiple times in the same process, it does not leak memory anymore;
• A number of Python builtins (range, tuple, set, frozenset, list, dict) are now sped up using PEP 590 vectorcall;
• A number of Python modules (_abc, audioop, _bz2, _codecs, _contextvars, _crypt, _functools, _json, _locale, operator, resource, time, _weakref) now use multiphase initialization as defined by PEP 489;
• A number of standard library modules (audioop, ast, grp, _hashlib, pwd, _posixsubprocess, random, select, struct, termios, zlib) are now using the stable ABI defined by PEP 384.

You can find a more comprehensive list in this release’s «What’s New» document.

And now for something completely different

href=»http://www.montypython.net/scripts/galaxy.php»>Our universe itself keeps on expanding and expanding,
In all of the directions it can whiz;
As fast as it can go, at the speed of light, you know,
Twelve million miles a minute and that’s the fastest speed there is.
So remember, when you’re feeling very small and insecure,
How amazingly unlikely is your birth;
And pray that there’s intelligent life somewhere out in space,
‘Cause there’s bugger all down here on Earth!

This is the ninth maintenance release of Python 3.8

Note: The release you’re looking at is Python 3.8.9, a bugfix release for the legacy 3.8 series. Python 3.9 is now the latest feature release series of Python 3. Get the latest release of 3.9.x here.

3.8.9 is an expedited release which includes a number of security fixes and is recommended to all users:

• bpo-43631: high-severity CVE-2021-3449 and CVE-2021-3450 were published for OpenSSL, it’s been upgraded to 1.1.1k in CI, and macOS and Windows installers.
• bpo-42988: CVE-2021-3426: Remove the getfile feature of the pydoc module which could be abused to read arbitrary files on the disk (directory traversal vulnerability). Moreover, even source code of Python modules can contain sensitive data like passwords. Vulnerability reported by David Schwörer.
• bpo-43285: ftplib no longer trusts the IP address value returned from the server in response to the PASV command by default. This prevents a malicious FTP server from using the response to probe IPv4 address and port combinations on the client network. Code that requires the former vulnerable behavior may set a trust_server_pasv_ipv4_address attribute on their ftplib.FTP instances to True to re-enable it.
• bpo-43439: Add audit hooks for gc.get_objects(), gc.get_referrers() and gc.get_referents(). Patch by Pablo Galindo.

And now for something completely different

trong>Arthur (Eric Idle): Good morning, I’d like to buy a book please.
Bookseller (John Cleese): Oh, well I’m afraid we don’t have any. (trying to hide them)
Arthur: I’m sorry?
Bookseller: We don’t have any books. We’re fresh out of them. Good morning.
Arthur: What are all these?
Bookseller: All what? Oh! All these, ah ah ha ha. You’re referring to these… books.
Arthur: Yes.
Bookseller: They’re um… they’re all sold. Good morning.
Arthur: What all of them?
Bookseller: Every single man-Jack of them. Not a single one of them in an unsold state. Good morning.
Arthur: Wait a minute, there’s something going on here.
Bookseller: What, where? You didn’t see anything did you?
Arthur: No, but I think there’s something going on here.
Bookseller: No no, well there’s nothing going on here at all (shouts off) and he didn’t see anything. Good morning.
Arthur: Oh, well, I’d like to buy a copy of an ‘Illustrated History of False Teeth’.
Bookseller: My God you’ve got guts.
Arthur: What?
Bookseller: (pulling gun) Just how much do you know?
Arthur: What about?
Bookseller: Are you from the British Dental Association?
Arthur: No I’m a tobacconist.
Bookseller: Stay where you are. You’ll never leave this bookshop alive.
Arthur: Why not?
Bookseller: You know too much, my dental friend.
Arthur: I don’t know anything.
Bookseller: Come clean. You’re a dentist aren’t you.
Arthur: No, I’m a tobacconist.
Bookseller: A tobacconist who just happens to be buying a book on teeth?

Подсистема Windows для Linux (WSL)

Если вы используете Windows 10 Creators или Anniversary Update, существует другой способ установки Python. Эти версии Windows 10 включают в себя функцию под названием Windows Subsystem for Linux, которая позволяет вам запустить среду Linux прямо в Windows без изменений и без дополнительных нагрузок в виртуальном компьютере.

• Для дополнительной информации, вы можете ознакомиться с документацией подсистемы Windows для Linux на сайте Microsoft;
• Для инструкций по подключению подсистемы в Windows 10 и установки дистрибутива Linux, вы можете ознакомиться с руководством Windows 10;
• Также, вы можете посмотреть презентацию Сары Кули на YouTube, одной из участников команды разработчиков WSL.

После установки подходящего дистрибутива Linux, вы можете установить Python 3 в консольном окне Bash, как если бы вы запускали дистрибутив Linux напрямую (смотреть ниже).

And Now for Something Completely Different

mall>(BBC Television News studio)
Richard Baker: We’ve just heard that an explosion in the kitchens of the House of Lords has resulted in the breakage of seventeen storage jars. Police ruled out foul play.

And Now For Something Completely Different

trong>Mr. Praline (John Cleese): ‘ELLO POLLY!!! Testing! Testing! This is your nine o’clock alarm call!
(Takes parrot out of the cage , throws it up in the air and watches it plummet to the floor.)
Mr. Praline: Now that’s what I call a dead parrot.
Owner (Michael Palin): No, no… No, he’s stunned!
Mr. Praline: STUNNED?!
Owner: Yeah! You stunned him, just as he was wakin’ up! Norwegian Blues stun easily, major.
Mr. Praline: Um… now look, mate. I’ve definitely ‘ad enough of this. That parrot is definitely deceased, and when I purchased it not ‘alf an hour ago, you assured me that its total lack of movement was due to it bein’ tired and shagged out following a prolonged squawk.
Owner: Well, he’s… he’s, ah… probably pining for the fjords.

OpenPGP Public Keys

Source and binary executables are signed by the release manager or binary builder using their
OpenPGP key. Release files for currently supported releases are signed by the following:

• Pablo Galindo Salgado (3.10.x and 3.11.x source files and tags) (key id: 64E628F8D684696D)
• Steve Dower (Windows binaries) (key id: FC62 4643 4870 34E5)
• Łukasz Langa (3.8.x and 3.9.x source files and tags) (key id: B269 95E3 1025 0568)
• Ned Deily (macOS binaries, 3.7.x / 3.6.x source files and tags) (key ids: 2D34 7EA6 AA65 421D, FB99 2128 6F5E 1540, and Apple Developer ID DJ3H93M7VJ)
• Larry Hastings (3.5.x source files and tags) (key id: 3A5C A953 F73C 700D)
• Benjamin Peterson (2.7.z source files and tags) (key id: 04C3 67C2 18AD D4FF and A4135B38)

Release files for older releases which have now reached end-of-life may have been signed by one of the following:

• Anthony Baxter (key id: 0EDD C5F2 6A45 C816)
• Georg Brandl (key id: 0A5B 1018 3658 0288)
• Martin v. Löwis (key id: 6AF0 53F0 7D9D C8D2)
• Ronald Oussoren (key id: C9BE 28DE E6DF 025C)
• Barry Warsaw (key ids: 126E B563 A74B 06BF, D986 6941 EA5B BD71, and ED9D77D5)

You can import a person’s public keys from a public keyserver network server
you trust by running a command like:

or, in many cases, public keys can also be found
at keybase.io.
On the version-specific download pages, you should see a link to both the
downloadable file and a detached signature file. To verify the authenticity
of the download, grab both files and then run this command:

Note that you must use the name of the signature file, and you should use the
one that’s appropriate to the download you’re verifying.

(These instructions are geared to
GnuPG and Unix command-line users.)